29.2.6.1 Allium sativum

A. sativum (family: Alliaceae), commonly known as garlic, is one of the most known

medicinal herb and spice. It is well-known for its nutritional properties due to its

bioactive constituents. For healing of lifestyle-associated disorders, this plant is used

as

antidiabetic,

anti-inflammatory,

antihypertensive,

antimicrobial,

anti-

atherosclerotic and hepatoprotective (Amagase et al. 2001). Different species of

Allium genus have shown the presence of various chemical constituents such as

sapogenins, saponins, sulphuric compounds and flavonoids (Kazemi et al. 2010).

Ethanolic extract of A. sativum (EEAS) was administered for 14 days intraperitone-

ally

and

was

investigated

against

DGalN/LPS-induced

hepatitis

in

rats

(El-Beshbishy 2008). It was demonstrated to possess significant hepatoprotective

activity in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats at the doses of

200 and 400 mg/kg orally for 21 days. EEAS treatment resulted in the significant

reduction of serum liver markers and also reverts the histopathological changes due

its free radical scavenging ability (Chinnala et al. 2018).

29.2.6.2 Allium hirtifolium

A. hirtifolium is commonly known as Persian shallot (Moosir in Persian language),

endemic to Iran, and belongs to family Alliaceae (Rechinger 1984). The compounds

identified in A. hirtifolium are sulphur-containing compounds, saponins, sapogenins

and flavonoids including quercetin and kaempferol (Kazemi et al. 2010). The most

common compounds present in this plant are disulphide and trisulfide compounds,

and the most important biological secondary metabolites of this plant are allicin,

s-allylcysteine, diallyl disulphide, diallyl trisulphide and methyl allyl trisulphide

(Rose et al. 2005; Azadi et al. 2009). Alloxan monohydrate at a dose of 120 mg/

kg body weight was used to study the diabetes-induced liver damage. Rats treated

with hydroalcoholic extract of A. hirtifolium have shown to protect liver cells against

oxidant effects of alloxan and consequently caused a marked reduction in serum

concentration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT) and

aspartate transaminase (AST). It has been found on the basis of available pharma-

ceutical investigations that plants possess antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects

(Kazemi et al. 2010).

29.2.6.3 Allium ursinum L.

This medicinal plant and herb (Allium ursinum L.) also known as Ramson or bear’s

garlic or wild garlic, spreads in whole Europe with a long tradition of medicinal use.

Its bioactive compounds come near to Allium sativum (rich composition in sulphur-

containing compounds, polyphenols and steroidal glycosides), but proportions are

different and contain much higher amount of prostaglandin A, B and F. From

medical point of view antioxidant, antiproliferative activity is strong enough to be

a potential remedy in hepatic injuries besides the well-known effect in cardiovascu-

lar diseases (Stanisavljevic et al. 2020; Pop et al. 2020).

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